Intengo yamazwe ngamazwe yezinsiza ze-zinc ithonywa ngokuqondile ubudlelwano bokuhlinzeka nesidingo kanye nesimo somnotho.Ukusatshalaliswa komhlaba wonke kwezinsiza ze-zinc kugxile kakhulu emazweni anjenge-Australia ne-China, amazwe akhiqiza kakhulu okuyi-China, Peru, ne-Australia.Ukusetshenziswa kweZinc kugxile ezifundeni zase-Asia Pacific naseYurophu naseMelika.I-Jianeng ingumkhiqizi nomthengisi omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni we-zinc metal, enomthelela omkhulu emananini e-zinc.Izizinda ze-zinc zaseChina zikleliswe endaweni yesibili emhlabeni, kodwa leli banga aliphezulu.Ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwayo kokubili kuklelisa kuqala emhlabeni, futhi ukuncika kwayo ngaphandle kuphezulu.
Enye ukuthi i-LME ukuphela kokuhwebelana kwe-zinc emhlabeni jikelele, ethatha isikhundla esiphezulu emakethe yekusasa le-zinc.
I-LME yasungulwa ngo-1876 futhi yaqala ukwenza ukuhweba kwe-zinc okungakahleleki ekuqaleni kwayo.Ngo-1920, ukuhweba okusemthethweni kwe-zinc kwaqala.Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980s, i-LME ibilokhu iyisilinganiso esilinganisa imakethe ye-zinc yomhlaba, futhi intengo yayo esemthethweni ikhombisa izinguquko ekuhlinzekweni kwe-zinc kanye nesidingo emhlabeni wonke, eyaziwa kabanzi emhlabeni jikelele.Lezi zintengo zingabiyelwa ngekusasa elihlukahlukene kanye nezinkontileka zenketho ku-LME.Umsebenzi wemakethe we-zinc ukleliswe endaweni yesithathu ku-LME, isibili ngemuva kwekusasa lekhopha ne-aluminium.
Okwesibili, iNew York Mercantile Exchange (COMEX) ivule kafushane ukuhweba ngekusasa le-zinc, kodwa ayizange iphumelele.
I-COMEX isebenze kafushane ikusasa le-zinc kusukela ngo-1978 kuya ku-1984, kodwa jikelele ayizange iphumelele.Ngaleso sikhathi, abakhiqizi be-zinc baseMelika babenamandla kakhulu entengo ye-zinc, kangangokuthi i-COMEX yayingenayo ivolumu yebhizinisi le-zinc eyanele ukuhlinzeka ngemali yenkontileka, okwenza kungenzeki ukuthi i-zinc ithole amanani e-arbitrage phakathi kwe-LME ne-COMEX njengokuthengiselana kwethusi nesiliva.Namuhla, ukuhweba ngensimbi kwe-COMEX kugxile kakhulu ekusaseni nasezinkontilekeni zezinketho zegolide, isiliva, ithusi, ne-aluminium.
Okwesithathu ukuthi iShanghai Stock Exchange yethula ngokusemthethweni i-Shanghai Zinc Futures ngo-2007, ibamba iqhaza ohlelweni lwamanani entengo ye-zinc emhlabeni jikelele.
Kube nokuhweba okufushane kwe-zinc emlandweni we-Shanghai Stock Exchange.Ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, i-zinc yayiwuhlobo lohwebo lwesikhathi esimaphakathi neside kanye nezinsimbi eziyisisekelo njengethusi, i-aluminium, umthofu, ithini, ne-nickel.Kodwa-ke, izinga lokuhweba nge-zinc lehla unyaka nonyaka, futhi ngo-1997, ukuhweba nge-zinc kwase kuphelile.Ngo-1998, ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwesakhiwo semakethe yekusasa, izinhlobo zokuhweba ngensimbi ezingenayo insimbi zagcina ithusi ne-aluminium kuphela, kanti i-zinc nezinye izinhlobo zakhanselwa.Njengoba intengo ye-zinc iqhubeka nokukhuphuka ngo-2006, kwakunezingcingo eziqhubekayo zokuthi ikusasa le-zinc libuyele emakethe.Ngomhla zingama-26 kuNdasa, 2007, i-Shanghai Stock Exchange yabhala ngokusemthethweni ikusasa le-zinc, idlulisa izinguquko zesifunda ekuhlinzekweni kanye nesidingo emakethe ye-zinc yaseShayina emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe nokubamba iqhaza ohlelweni lwamanani e-zinc emhlabeni jikelele.
Indlela yentengo eyisisekelo yendawo ye-zinc emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe ukusebenzisa intengo yenkontileka yesikhathi esizayo ye-zinc njengenani lokuma, bese wengeza umaka ohambisanayo njengekhotheshini yendawo.Ukuthambekela kwamanani entengo e-zinc international kanye namanani esikhathi esizayo e-LME kuyahambisana kakhulu, ngoba intengo ye-zinc ye-LME isebenza njengezinga lentengo lesikhathi eside labathengi nabathengisi bensimbi ye-zinc, futhi intengo yayo yanyanga zonke iphinde isebenze njengesisekelo sentengo yokuhweba indawo yensimbi ye-zinc. .
Omunye umjikelezo okhuphukayo nowa phansi wamanani e-zinc kusukela ngo-1960 kuya ku-1978;Okwesibili yinkathi ye-oscillation kusuka ku-1979 kuya ku-2000;Owesithathu umjikelezo wokuya phezulu nokwehla ngokushesha kusukela ngo-2001 kuya ku-2009;Okwesine yinkathi yokuguquguquka kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2020;Okwesihlanu yisikhathi sokukhuphuka ngokushesha kusukela ngo-2020. Kusukela ngo-2020, ngenxa yomthelela wamanani wamandla aseYurophu, umthamo wokuhlinzeka nge-zinc wehlile, futhi ukukhula okusheshayo kwesidingo se-zinc kuholele ekukhuphukeni kwamanani e-zinc, aqhubeka nokukhuphuka futhi adlule. $3500 ngethani.
Ngo-2022, umbiko wakamuva ovela ku-United States Geological Survey (USGS) ubonisa ukuthi izinsiza ze-zinc eziqinisekisiwe emhlabeni wonke zingamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.9, kanti izindawo ezigciniwe ze-zinc ore eziqinisekisiwe emhlabeni wonke zingamathani ensimbi ayizigidi ezingu-210.I-Australia inemithombo eningi kakhulu ye-zinc ore, emathani ayizigidi ezingama-66, ebalelwa ku-31.4% yenani eliphelele lomhlaba wonke.Izinqolobane ze-zinc ore zaseShayina zingeyesibili ngemuva kwe-Australia, ngamathani ayizigidi ezingama-31, okubalelwa ku-14.8% yenani eliphelele lomhlaba.Amanye amazwe anemithombo emikhulu ye-zinc ore ahlanganisa iRussia (10.5%), iPeru (8.1%), iMexico (5.7%), i-India (4.6%), namanye amazwe, kanti ingqikithi yemithombo ye-zinc ore yamanye amazwe ithatha u-25% ama-global total reserves.
Okokuqala, ukukhiqizwa komlando we-zinc kuye kwaqhubeka kwanda, ngokuncipha kancane kule minyaka eyishumi edlule.Kulindeleke ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kuzolulama kancane kancane esikhathini esizayo.
Ukukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke kwe-zinc ore bekulokhu kukhuphuka ngokuqhubekayo iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100, kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba wawo ngo-2012 ngokukhiqizwa kwaminyaka yonke kwamathani ensimbi ayizigidi eziyi-13.5 we-zinc concentrate.Eminyakeni elandelayo, kube nezinga elithile lokwehla, kuze kube ngu-2019, lapho ukukhula kuphinde kwaqala khona.Kodwa-ke, ukuqubuka kwe-COVID-19 ngo-2020 kwenza ukukhiqizwa kwezimayini ze-zinc emhlabeni wonke kwehle futhi, ngomphumela wonyaka wehla ngamathani angu-700000, u-5.51% unyaka nonyaka, okubangele ukutholakala kwe-zinc okuqinile emhlabeni wonke kanye nokukhuphuka kwamanani okuqhubekayo.Ngokudamba kwalolu bhubhane, ukukhiqizwa kwe-zinc kancane kancane kwabuyela ezingeni lamathani ayizigidi ezingu-13.Ukuhlaziywa kuphakamisa ukuthi ngokusimama komnotho womhlaba kanye nokukhuthazwa kwesidingo semakethe, ukukhiqizwa kwe-zinc kuzoqhubeka nokukhula esikhathini esizayo.
Okwesibili ukuthi amazwe akhiqiza i-zinc ephakeme kakhulu emhlabeni wonke yiChina, iPeru ne-Australia.
Ngokusho kwedatha evela ku-United States Bureau of Geological Survey (USGS), ukukhiqizwa kwe-zinc ore emhlabeni wonke kufinyelele amathani ayizigidi eziyi-13 ngo-2022, iChina ibe nokukhiqizwa okuphezulu kakhulu kwamathani ensimbi angu-4.2 million, okubalelwa ku-32.3% womkhiqizo ophelele emhlabeni.Amanye amazwe akhiqiza i-zinc ore ephezulu ahlanganisa iPeru (10.8%), i-Australia (10.0%), i-India (6.4%), i-United States (5.9%), iMexico (5.7%), namanye amazwe.Isamba sokukhiqizwa kwezimayini ze-zinc kwamanye amazwe senza ama-28.9% engqikithi yomhlaba wonke.
Okwesithathu, abakhiqizi be-zinc abaphezulu abahlanu abaphezulu emhlabeni jikelele benza cishe i-1/4 yokukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke, futhi amasu abo okukhiqiza anomthelela othile entengo ye-zinc.
Ngo-2021, inani eliphelele lokukhiqizwa kwabakhiqizi be-zinc abahlanu abahamba phambili emhlabeni lalicishe libe ngamathani ayizigidi ezi-3.14, okubalwa cishe 1/4 wokukhiqizwa kwe-zinc emhlabeni jikelele.Inani lokukhiqizwa kwe-zinc lidlule ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-9.4, lapho i-Glencore PLC yakhiqiza amathani ayizigidi ezingu-1.16 ze-zinc, i-Hindustan Zinc Ltd yakhiqiza amathani angaba ngu-790000 we-zinc, i-Teck Resources Ltd yakhiqiza amathani angu-610000 e-zinc, i-Zijin Mining yakhiqiza amathani angu-310000 we-zinc, kanye ne-Boliden AB yakhiqiza amathani angama-270000 we-zinc.Abakhiqizi abakhulu be-zinc ngokuvamile bathonya amanani entengo ye-zinc ngokusebenzisa isu "lokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa nokugcina amanani", okubandakanya ukuvala izimayini nokulawula ukukhiqizwa ukuze kuzuzwe umgomo wokunciphisa ukukhiqiza nokugcina amanani e-zinc.Ngo-Okthoba 2015, i-Glencore yamemezela ukwehla kokukhiqizwa kwe-zinc isiyonke, okulingana no-4% wokukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke, kanye namanani e-zinc akhuphuka ngaphezu kuka-7% ngosuku olufanayo.
Okokuqala, ukusetshenziswa kwe-zinc emhlabeni wonke kugxile ezifundeni zase-Asia Pacific nase-Europe naseMelika.
Ngo-2021, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke kwe-zinc ecolisisiwe kwaba amathani ayizigidi eziyi-14.0954, ukusetshenziswa kwe-zinc kugxile ezifundeni zase-Asia Pacific nase-Europe kanye naseMelika, kanti i-China ibalwa nengxenye ephezulu kakhulu yokusetshenziswa kwe-zinc, ebalelwa ku-48%.I-United States ne-India zikleliswe endaweni yesibili neyesithathu, zibalelwa ku-6% no-5% ngokulandelana.Amanye amazwe amakhulu abathengi ahlanganisa amazwe athuthukile njengeSouth Korea, Japan, Belgium, neJalimane.
Okwesibili ukuthi ukwakheka kokusetshenziswa kwe-zinc kuhlukaniswe ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesiphetho.Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala ikakhulukazi i-zinc plating, kanti ukusetshenziswa kwetheminali ikakhulukazi ingqalasizinda.Izinguquko ezidingekayo ekupheleni komthengi zizothinta intengo ye-zinc.
Isakhiwo sokusetshenziswa kwe-zinc singahlukaniswa ngokusetshenziswa kokuqala kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesiphetho.Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwe-zinc kugxile kakhulu ekufakweni kukathayela, okubalelwa ku-64%.Ukusetshenziswa kwe-zinc ekugcineni kubhekisela ekucutshungulweni kabusha nasekusetshenzisweni kwemikhiqizo yokuqala ye-zinc echungechungeni lwezimboni ezansi nomfula.Ekusetshenzisweni kwe-zinc ekugcineni, imboni yengqalasizinda kanye neyokwakha yenza ingxenye enkulu kakhulu, ku-33% kanye nama-23% ngokulandelana.Ukusebenza komthengi we-zinc kuzodluliswa kusuka endaweni yokusetshenziswa kwetheminali kuye endaweni yokuqala yokusetshenziswa futhi kuthinte ukuhlinzekwa kanye nesidingo se-zinc kanye nenani layo.Isibonelo, lapho ukusebenza kwezimboni ezinkulu zabathengi be-zinc njengezindlu ezithengiswayo kanye nezimoto kubuthakathaka, umthamo we-oda wokusetshenziswa kokuqala okufana ne-zinc plating kanye nama-alloys e-zinc uzokwehla, okudale ukuthi ukunikezwa kwe-zinc kudlule isidingo, ekugcineni kuholele ekutheni ukwehla kwamanani e-zinc.
Njengomhwebi omkhulu we-zinc emhlabeni, i-Glencore ilawula ukujikeleza kwe-zinc ecolisisiwe emakethe ngezinzuzo ezintathu.Okokuqala, ikhono lokuhlela ngokushesha futhi ngempumelelo izimpahla ngqo emakethe ye-zinc engezansi;Okwesibili yikhono eliqinile lokwaba izinsiza ze-zinc;Okwesithathu ukuqonda okujulile ngemakethe ye-zinc.Njengomkhiqizi omkhulu we-zinc emhlabeni, i-Glencore ikhiqize amathani angu-940000 e-zinc ngo-2022, ngesabelo semakethe yomhlaba wonke esingu-7.2%;Umthamo wokuhweba we-zinc ungamathani ayizigidi ezi-2.4, nesabelo semakethe yomhlaba wonke esingu-18.4%.Ukukhiqizwa kanye nomthamo wokuhweba we-zinc kokubili phezulu emhlabeni.Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Glencore okuhamba phambili emhlabeni jikelele kuyisisekelo sethonya layo elikhulu emananini e-zinc, futhi inani lokuqala lezohwebo likhulisa leli thonya.
Okokuqala, i-Shanghai Zinc Exchange ibambe iqhaza elihle ekusunguleni uhlelo lwentengo ye-zinc yasekhaya, kodwa umthelela wayo emalungelweni entengo ye-zinc lisengaphansi kwalelo le-LME.
Ikusasa le-zinc elethulwe yi-Shanghai Stock Exchange libambe iqhaza elihle ekubekweni obala kokuhlinzekwa kwezidingo kanye nesidingo, izindlela zamanani entengo, izinkulumo zentengo, kanye nezindlela zokudlulisa amanani asekhaya nezangaphandle emakethe yasekhaya yezinki.Ngaphansi kwesakhiwo semakethe esiyinkimbinkimbi yemakethe ye-zinc yaseChina, i-Shanghai Zinc Exchange isize ekusunguleni uhlelo lwemakethe ye-zinc oluvulekile, olunobulungiswa, olunobulungiswa, nolugunyaziwe.Imakethe yesikhathi esizayo ye-zinc yasekhaya isivele inesilinganiso esithile kanye nomthelela, futhi ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo zemakethe kanye nokwenyuka kwesikali sokuhweba, isikhundla sayo emakethe yomhlaba wonke nayo iyakhula.Ngo-2022, ivolumu yokuhweba ye-Shanghai zinc futures yahlala izinzile futhi yanda kancane.Ngokusho kwedatha evela eShanghai Stock Exchange, ekupheleni kukaNovemba 2022, umthamo wokuhweba we-Shanghai Zinc Futures ngo-2022 wawungu-63906157 okuthengiswayo, okukhuphuke ngo-0.64% unyaka nonyaka, ngesilinganiso somthamo wokuhweba wanyanga zonke wama-5809650. ;Ngo-2022, umthamo wokuhweba we-Shanghai Zinc Futures wafinyelela ku-7932.1 billion yuan, okuwukunyuka ngo-11.1% unyaka nonyaka, ngevolumu yokuhweba ephakathi kwezigidigidi ezingama-4836.7.Kodwa-ke, amandla entengo e-zinc yomhlaba wonke asalawulwa yi-LME, futhi imakethe yasekhaya ye-zinc futures isalokhu iyimakethe yesifunda isesimweni esingaphansi.
Okwesibili, intengo yendawo ye-zinc e-China iguqukile isuka kuzingcaphuno zomkhiqizi yaya kuzingcaphuno zeplathifomu ye-inthanethi, ikakhulukazi ezisekelwe ezintengo ze-LME.
Ngaphambi kuka-2000, yayingekho inkundla yokubeka amanani emakethe yendawo ye-zinc e-China, futhi intengo yemakethe yendawo yakhiwe ngokuyisisekelo ngokusekelwe kwikhotheshini yomkhiqizi.Isibonelo, e-Pearl River Delta, intengo ikakhulukazi yamiswa ngu-Zhongjin Lingnan, kuyilapho e-Yangtze River Delta, intengo yamiswa ikakhulukazi yi-Zhuzhou Smelter kanye ne-Huludao.Indlela yokwenza amanani enganele ibe nomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwansuku zonke kwamabhizinisi asenhla nezansi nomfula echungechungeni lwemboni ye-zinc.Ngo-2000, i-Shanghai Nonferrous Metals Network (SMM) yasungula inethiwekhi yayo, futhi ikhotheshini yayo yesikhulumi yaba ireferensi yamabhizinisi amaningi asekhaya ekuthengeni indawo ye-zinc.Njengamanje, izingcaphuno eziyinhloko emakethe yasekhaya zihlanganisa izingcaphuno ezivela ku-Nan Chu Business Network kanye ne-Shanghai Metal Network, kodwa izingcaphuno ezivela ezisekelweni ze-inthanethi ikakhulukazi zibhekisela ezintengo ze-LME.
Okokuqala, inani eliphelele lezinsiza ze-zinc e-China lithatha indawo yesibili emhlabeni, kodwa izinga elijwayelekile liphansi futhi ukukhishwa kwezinsiza kunzima.
I-China inenqwaba yemithombo ye-zinc ore, isendaweni yesibili emhlabeni ilandela i-Australia.Imithombo ye-zinc ore yasekhaya igxile kakhulu ezindaweni ezifana ne-Yunnan (24%), i-Inner Mongolia (20%), i-Gansu (11%), ne-Xinjiang (8%).Kodwa-ke, izinga le-zinc ore deposits e-China ngokuvamile liphansi, linezimayini eziningi ezincane nezimayini ezimbalwa ezinkulu, kanye nezimayini eziningi ezithambile nezicebile.Ukukhipha izinsiza kunzima futhi nezindleko zokuhamba ziphezulu.
Okwesibili, ukukhiqizwa kwe-zinc ore yaseShayina kuqala emhlabeni, futhi ithonya labakhiqizi be-zinc abaphezulu basekhaya liyakhula.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-zinc yaseChina kusalokhu kukhulu emhlabeni iminyaka eminingi ilandelana.Eminyakeni yamuva, ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezehlukene ezifana nezimboni, ukuhlanganiswa nokuthengwa komfula okhuphuka nokwehla nomfula, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwempahla, i-China kancane kancane iye yakha iqembu lamabhizinisi e-zinc anethonya emhlabeni jikelele, anamabhizinisi amathathu akleliswe phakathi kwabakhiqizi be-zinc abaphezulu emhlabeni jikelele abayishumi.I-Zijin Mining iyibhizinisi elikhulu kunawo wonke lokukhiqiza i-zinc e-China, elinezinga lokukhiqiza i-zinc ore libalwa kwabayisihlanu abahamba phambili emhlabeni jikelele.Ngo-2022, ukukhiqizwa kwe-zinc bekungamathani angama-402000, okubalelwa ku-9.6% wesamba somkhiqizo wasekhaya.I-Minmetals Resources ikleliswe endaweni yesithupha emhlabeni jikelele, ngokukhiqizwa kwe-zinc okungamathani angama-225000 ngo-2022, okubalelwa ku-5.3% wesamba somkhiqizo wasekhaya.I-Zhongjin Lingnan ikleliswe endaweni yesishiyagalolunye emhlabeni jikelele, ngokukhiqizwa kwe-zinc okungamathani ayi-193000 ngo-2022, okubalelwa ku-4.6% wawo wonke umkhiqizo wasekhaya.Abanye abakhiqizi be-zinc abakhulu bahlanganisa i-Chihong Zinc Germanium, i-Zinc Industry Co., Ltd., i-Baiyin Nonferrous Metals, njll.
Okwesithathu, iShayina ingumthengi omkhulu kakhulu we-zinc, ukusetshenziswa okugxile emkhakheni wokwenza ingqalasizinda yezindawo ezithengiswayo kanye nezansi nomfula.
Ngo-2021, ukusetshenziswa kwe-zinc yaseChina kwakungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-6.76, okwenza kube umthengi omkhulu we-zinc emhlabeni.I-Zinc Plating yenza ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yokusetshenziswa kwe-zinc eShayina, ibalwa cishe ku-60% wokusetshenziswa kwe-zinc;Okulandelayo i-zinc alloy ne-zinc oxide, okubalelwa ku-15% no-12% ngokulandelanayo.Izindawo eziyinhloko zokufaka isicelo zokugalela izingqalasizinda kanye nezakhiwo.Ngenxa yenzuzo ephelele ye-China ekusetshenzisweni kwe-zinc, ukuchuma kwengqalasizinda kanye nemikhakha yezindawo ezithengiswayo kuzoba nomthelela omkhulu ekuhlinzekweni komhlaba wonke, isidingo, kanye nenani le-zinc.
Ukuthembela kwangaphandle kweShayina ku-zinc kuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa futhi kukhombisa ukuthambekela okucacile kokukhuphuka, nemithombo eyinhloko yokungenisa kuyi-Australia nePeru.Kusukela ngo-2016, umthamo wokungenisa i-zinc e-China ubulokhu ukhula unyaka nonyaka, futhi manje sewungumthengisi omkhulu kakhulu emhlabeni we-zinc ore.Ngo-2020, ukuncika kwamanye amazwe kwe-zinc concentrate kudlule ama-40%.Ngokubuka kwezwe nezwe, izwe elinenani eliphakeme kakhulu le-zinc elithunyelwa eShayina ngo-2021 kwakuyi-Australia, elinamathani aphathekayo ayizigidi eziyi-1.07 unyaka wonke, okwenza amaphesenti angama-29.5 engqikithi yokugxiliswa kwe-zinc evela eChina;Okwesibili, iPeru ithumela amathani aphathekayo angama-780000 eShayina, okubalelwa ku-21.6% wesamba sengqikithi ye-zinc etholakala eChina.Ukuncika okuphezulu ekuthengisweni kwe-zinc ore kanye nokuhlangana okulinganiselwe kwezifunda zokungenisa kwamanye amazwe kusho ukuthi ukuzinza kokuhlinzekwa kwe-zinc ecolisisiwe kungase kuthinteke ngokuhlinzekwa nokuphela kwezinto zokuhamba, okuphinde kube ngesinye sezizathu ezenza i-China ibe sesimweni esibucayi ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe kwe-zinc kanye ne-zinc. ingamukela kancane nje amanani emakethe yomhlaba.
Lesi sihloko sashicilelwa okokuqala ocingweni lokuqala lwe-China Mining Daily ngoMeyi 15
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-08-2023
