I-zinc inamanani kanjani?

Intengo yamazwe omhlaba ye-Zinc Resources ithonywa ngokuqondile yile nto kanye nokufunwa ubudlelwano kanye nesimo sezomnotho. Ukusatshalaliswa komhlaba wonke kwezinsizakusebenza kugxile emazweni anjenge-Australia neChina, namazwe aphambili akhiqizayo abe yiChina, iPeru, nase-Australia. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-zinc kugxiliwe e-Asia Pacific naseYurophu nase-America. UJinesEng ungumkhiqizi omkhulu emhlabeni kanye nomhwebi we-zinc ngensimbi, enomthelela omkhulu kumanani e-zinc. Isisetshenziswa se-zinc yaseChina sigcina isikhundla sesibili emhlabeni, kepha ibanga aliphakeme. Ukukhiqizwa kwayo kanye nokusebenzisa kwayo zombili isikhundla kuqala emhlabeni, futhi ukuncika kwayo kwangaphandle kuphakeme.

Enye ukuthi i-LME ukuphela kokuphela kweZinc Future Exchange, ethatha isikhundla esivelele emakethe yesikhathi esizayo yeZinc.

I-LME yasungulwa ngo-1876 futhi yaqala ukuqhuba i-zinc ehlelekile ekusungulweni kwayo. Ngo-1920, ukuhweba okusemthethweni kwe-zinc kwaqala. Kusukela ngo-1980s, i-LME ibilokhu i-barometer yemakethe yezwe le-zinc, futhi intengo yayo esemthethweni ikhombisa ushintsho ku-zinc Supply kanye nesidingo emhlabeni jikelele, esibonwa kabanzi emhlabeni jikelele. Lawa manani angadonswa ngekusasa elihlukahlukene kanye nezinkontileka zokukhetha ku-LME. Umsebenzi wemakethe we-zinc usezingeni lesithathu ku-LME, okwesibili kuphela kwisikhashana se-Copper ne-aluminium.

Okwesibili, iNew York Mercantile Exchange (Comex) yavula kafushane ukuhweba nge-Zinc ikusasa, kepha ayiphumelelanga.

I-Comex yasebenza kafushane iZinc ikusasa kusuka ngo-1978 kuya ku-1984, kepha jikelele ayiphumelelanga. Ngaleso sikhathi, abakhiqizi bakaZinc baseMelika babeqinile kakhulu emapreyinti e-zinc, ngakho-ke i-comex yayingenayo ivolumu yebhizinisi eyanele ukuhlinzeka ngemali yenkontileka, okwenza kube nzima ukuthi amanani entengo anqunu kanye ne-comex enjengezentengiselwano zesiliva. Kulezi zinsuku, ukuhweba ngensimbi kwe-comex kugxile kakhulu kwikusasa kanye nezinkontileka zezinketho zegolide, isiliva, ithusi kanye ne-aluminium.

Okwesithathu ngukuthi iShanghai Stock Exchange yethule ngokusemthethweni iShanghai Zinc ikusasa ngo-2007, ebambe iqhaza ezinhlelweni zamanani entengo ye-Zinc futures.

Kube nokuthengiswa okufushane kwe-zinc emlandweni weShanghai Stock Exchange. Kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1990s, uZinc wawusezingeni lokuhweba isikhathi eside ukuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene eceleni kwezinsimbi eziyisisekelo njengethusi, i-aluminium, ukuhola, i-tin, ne-nickel. Kodwa-ke, isilinganiso sokuhweba kwe-zinc sinciphise unyaka nonyaka, kwathi ngo-1997, ukuhweba nge-zinc kwaphela ngokuyisisekelo. Ngo-1998, ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwesakhiwo kwemakethe yesikhathi esizayo, izinhlobo zokuhweba zensimbi ezingezinhle zensimbi zigcinwe kuphela ithusi ne-aluminium, kanti i-zinc nezinye izinhlobo zakhanselwa. Njengoba intengo ye-zinc iqhubeka nokukhuphuka ngo-2006, kwakukhona izingcingo njalo nge-ZIC ikusasa ukuze abuyele emakethe. NgoMashi 26, 2007, iShanghai Stock Exchange ngokusemthethweni iZic ikusasa, idlulisela ushintsho lwesifunda ekuhlinzekeni nasekufunweni emakethe yaseChina yaseChina eya emakethe yamazwe omhlaba kanye nokubamba iqhaza ohlelweni lwamanani omhlaba we-Zinc.

Indlela yamanani ayisisekelo ye-Zinc Spot emakethe yamazwe omhlaba ukusebenzisa intengo yenkontileka ye-Zic Future njengentengo yebhentshi, bese wengeza umaki ohambisanayo njengekhotheshini yendawo. Umkhuba wamanani entengo ye-Zinc International Spot kanye namanani entengo yesikhathi ye-LME aguquguquki kakhulu, ngoba intengo ye-LME Zinc isebenza njengezinga lentengo lesikhathi eside labathengi bensimbi nabathengisi, futhi intengo yayo yanyanga zonke nayo isebenza njengentengo yokuhweba ngensimbi ye-zinc .

Eyodwa yimijikelezo ebheke phezulu neyaphansi yamanani e-zinc kusukela ngo-1960 kuya ku-1978; Okwesibili isikhathi se-oscillation kusuka ngo-1979 kuya ku-2000; Okwesithathu yimijikelezo esheshayo futhi ephansi ukusuka ngo-2001 kuya ku-2009; Okwesine yisikhathi sokushintshashintsha kwango-2010 kuya ku-2020; Okwesihlanu isikhathi esisheshayo phezulu kusukela ngo-2020. Kusukela ngo-2020, ngenxa yomthelela wamanani entengo yamandla aseYurophu, ukukhula okusheshayo kwe-zinc okufunwayo kuholele ekuvuseleleni amanani entengo ye-zinc, okuqhubeka nokukhuphuka futhi kuqhubeke $ 3500 ngethani ngalinye.

Ngo-2022, umbiko wakamuva ovela e-United States Geological Survey (I-USGS) ukhombisa ukuthi izinsiza ze-Zinc zeGlobal Proplon zingamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1,9, kanye nezinqolobane ze-zinc ezifakazelwe zingamathani ayizigidi ezingama-210. I-Australia inezindawo zokulondolozwa kwe-zinc ore eziningi kakhulu, ngamathani ayizigidi ezingama-66, afaka ama-31.4% ezindawo ezigciniwe emhlabeni jikelele. Izinkomo zaseChina ze-Zinc Ore zingesibili kuphela e-Australia kuphela, amathani ayizigidi ezingama-31, afaka ama-14,8% we-Global. Amanye amazwe anezindawo ezinkulu ze-zinc are ahlanganisa iRussia (10.5%), Peru (8.1%), i-India (4.6%), kanti amanye amazwe e-Zinc Ore, ngenkathi imali ephelele ye-Zinc Ore, ngenkathi igcina i-Akhawunti ye-25% ye-25% ye izindawo eziphelele zomhlaba wonke.

Okokuqala, ukukhiqizwa okungokomlando kwe-zinc kuqhubekile nokukhula, ngokuwohloka okuncane eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Kulindeleke ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kancane kancane kuzolulama ngokuzayo.

Ukukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke kwe-Zinc Ore kuqhubeke njalo eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-100, kufinyelela inani eliphakeme ngonyaka ka-2012 ngokukhiqizwa kwaminyaka yonke kwamathani wensimbi ayizigidi eziyi-13.5. Eminyakeni elandelayo, kube nezinga elithile lokwehla, kuze kube ngu-2019, lapho ukukhula kuqale kabusha. Kodwa-ke, ukuqubuka kwe-Covil-19 ngo-2020 kwenza ukukhishwa kwemayini ye-Zinc Imayini yomhlaba wonke, ngokuphuma konyaka kuncipha ngamathani angama-700000, kuphumela ngonyaka ka-5.51% ngonyaka. Ngokunciphisa ubhubhane, ukukhiqizwa kwe-zinc kancane kancane kwafika ezingeni lamathani ayizigidi eziyi-13. Ukuhlaziywa kusikisela ukuthi ukululama komnotho wezwe kanye nokukhuthaza ukufunwa kwemakethe, ukukhiqizwa kwe-zinc kuzoqhubeka nokukhula ngokuzayo.

Okwesibili ngukuthi amazwe anomhlaba ophakeme kakhulu we-zinc yiChina, ePeru, nase-Australia.

Ngokwemininingwane evela e-United States Bureau of Geological Survey (USGS), ukukhiqizwa kwe-Zinc Ore ye-Global) kufinyelele amathani ayizigidi eziyi-13 ngo-2022, neChina ukuba ne-China ekhiqizwa kakhulu ngamathani wensimbi ayizigidi ezingama-4,2, accounting ngo-32.3% womkhiqizo ophelele womhlaba wonke. Amanye amazwe anokukhiqizwa kwe-zinc ore ephezulu afaka i-Peru (10.8%), i-Australia (10.0%), India (6.4%), i-United States (5.9%), namanye amazwe. Ukukhiqizwa okuphelele kwezimayini zeZinc kwamanye amazwe kubangela ama-28.9% we-Global.

Okwesithathu, abakhiqizi abahlanu abaphezulu bakwaZnini bakwaZnic cishe bacishe babe ngu-1/4 wokukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke, futhi amasu abo okukhiqiza anomthelela othile kumanani e-zinc.

Ngo-2021, ukukhiqizwa okuphelele konyaka kwabakhiqizi abahlanu abaphezulu bakaZnic kwakucishe kube ngamathani ayizigidi eziyi-3.14, abalale cishe ngo-1/4 wokukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke. Inani lokukhiqizwa kweZinc lidlula ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-9.4 Futhi uBoliden ab ukhiqize amathani acishe angu-270000 we-zinc. Abakhiqizi bakaZnic amakhulu bathonya amanani e-Zinc ngecebo 'lokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kanye nokugcina amanani', okubandakanya ukuvala izimayini nokulawula ukukhiqizwa ukuze kufinyelelwe umgomo wokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa nokugcina amanani e-zinc. Ngo-Okthoba 2015, i-Glencecore yamemezela ukuncishiswa kwenani le-zinc, elilingana no-4% wokukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke, kanti amanani e-zinc afakwa ngaphezulu kwama-7% ngosuku olufanayo.

Okokuqala, ukusetshenziswa kwe-zinc emhlabeni jikelele kugxilwe e-Asia Pacific naseYurophu naseMelika naseMelika.

Ngo-2021, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba okucwengekile kwamathani acwengelwe umhlaba wonke kwakungamathani ayizigidi eziyi-14,0954, okugxilwe e-Zinc Pacific naseYurophu kanye ne-Akhawunti ye-Akhawunti ye-Akhawunti ye-China, nge-48%. I-United States neNdiya babalwa besibili neyesithathu, bebalalelwa ngo-6% no-5% ngokulandelana. Amanye amazwe amakhulu abathengi afaka amazwe athuthukile anjengeSouth Korea, eJapan, eBelgium, naseJalimane.

Okwesibili ukuthi ukwakheka ukusetshenziswa kwe-zinc kuhlukaniswe ukusetshenziswa kokuqala nokusetshenziswa okubulalayo. Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala ikakhulukazi kuyindawo yokufakelwa kwe-zinc, kuyilapho ukusetshenziswa kwe-terminal ikakhulukazi kuyingqalasizinda. Izinguquko ekufuneni ekugcineni kwabathengi zizothinta intengo ye-zinc.

Ukwakheka kokusetshenziswa kwe-zinc kungahlukaniswa kube ukusetshenziswa kokuqala nokusetshenziswa okubulalayo. Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwe-zinc kugxile kakhulu kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ze-galvanized, accounting ngo-64%. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-terminal kwe-zinc kusho ekuvuseleleni kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yokuqala yeZinc ku-DownTream zezimboni Chain. Ekusetshenzisweni kwe-terminal of Zinc, izingqalasizinda kanye nezakhiwo zezinkokhelo ze-Akhawunti ngengxenye ephezulu kakhulu, ngo-33% no-23% ngokulandelana. Ukusebenza komthengi we-zinc kuzodluliselwa kwinkambu yokusebenzisa ukuphela kwendawo kwinkambu yokusebenzisa kokuqala futhi kuthinte ukulethwa kanye nokufunwa kwe-zinc nentengo yalo. Isibonelo, lapho ukwenziwa kwezimboni ezinkulu ze-Zinc End Consuers ezinjengezindawo ezithengiswayo nezimoto zibuthakathaka, ivolumu yokusetshenziswa kokuqala okufana nokuthathwa kwe-zinc kudlule, kuholele ku ukwehla kwezintengo ze-zinc.

Njengomhwebi we-zinc omkhulu emhlabeni, i-Glencecore ilawula ukusakazwa kwe-zinc ecwengekile emakethe ngezinzuzo ezintathu. Okokuqala, amandla okuhlela ngokushesha futhi ngempumelelo empahleni ngqo emakethe ye-zinc ephansi; Okwesibili yikhono elinamandla lokwaba izinsiza ze-zinc; Okwesithathu kungukuqonda okujulile emakethe ye-zinc. Njengomkhiqizi we-zinc omkhulu emhlabeni jikelele, i-Glencore ikhiqize amathani we-940000 e-zinc ngo-2022, ngesabelo sezimakethe zomhlaba wonke esingu-7.2%; Umthamo wezohwebo we-zinc unamathani ayizigidi eziyi-2.4, ngesabelo semakethe yomhlaba ka-18.4%. Ukukhiqizwa kanye nevolumu yezohwebo ye-zinc kuphezulu emhlabeni. I-Glencore's Inombolo yokuqala yokuzinikela yeGlencore iyisisekelo sethonya layo elikhulu kumanani entengo ye-Zinc, futhi i-Number One Tradevom Volume iyaqhubeka nalo ithonya.

Okokuqala, uShanghai Zinc Exchange uphinde wadlala indima enhle ekusunguleni uhlelo lwamanani e-Zinc, kepha ithonya lawo kumalungelo entengo kaZinc asaphansi kwe-LME.

I-Zinc Ekuthuna Yethulwe yiShanghai Stock Exchange ibambe iqhaza elihle ekucacisweni kobuso kanye nokufunwa, izindlela zamanani, izinkulumo zamanani entengo yasekhaya nezangaphandle zemakethe yasekhaya nezangaphandle yemakethe yasekhaya neyakwamanye amazwe yemakethe yasekhaya neyakwamanye amazwe yemakethe yasekhaya neyakwamanye amazwe yemakethe yasekhaya neyakwamanye amazwe yemakethe yasekhaya neyamanye amazwe yemakethe yasekhaya neyamanye amazwe yemakethe yasekhaya. Ngaphansi kwesakhiwo semakethe esiyinkimbinkimbi semakethe ye-zinc yaseChina, iShanghai Zinc Shintsha isizile ekusunguleni uhlelo oluvulekile, olunobulungiswa, olunobulungiswa, olunobulungiswa be-zinc emakethe ye-zinc. Imakethe yasekusasa lasekhaya yasekhaya isivele inesilinganiso esithile kanye nethonya, kanye nokwenza ngcono izindlela zemakethe kanye nokwanda kwezinga lokuhweba, isikhundla salo emakethe yomhlaba wonke siyanda. Ngo-2022, umthamo wokuhweba weShanghai Zenc futures wahlala uzinzile futhi wanda kancane. Ngokwemininingwane evela eShanghai Stock Exchange, kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaNovemba 2022, umthamo wokuhweba weShanghai Zenc future ngo-2022 kwakungu-63906157 unyaka wokuhweba ozohweba ngo-5809650 ; Ngo-2022, umthamo wokuhweba weShanghai Zenc future ufike ku-7932.1 billion yuan, ukwanda konyaka we-11.1 Kodwa-ke, amandla entengo e-zinc yomhlaba wonke asabuswa yi-LME, kanti imakethe yasekusasa lasekhaya yasekhaya ihlala iyimakethe yesifunda endaweni engaphansi.

Okwesibili, inani lamanani e-zinc e-China livele livela kuma-izingcaphuno zomenzi ezingcaphuni zeplatifomu online, ngokusekelwe kumanani e-LME.

Ngaphambi kuka-2000, kwakungekho siteji samanani entengo yemakethe ye-zinc sport eChina, futhi intengo yemakethe yebala yayisungulwa ngokusekelwe kwikhotheshini yomenzi. Isibonelo, ePearl River Delta, intengo yayisethwe ikakhulu yi-zhongjin lingnan, ngenkathi ise-Yangtze River Delta, intengo isethwe ikakhulukazi nguZhuzhou Smelter kanye neHuludao. Umshini wamanani anganele ube nomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwansuku zonke kwamabhizinisi aphezulu kanye namabhizinisi aphansi ekhasini le-zinc. Ngo-2000, i-SHANGHACE NONLLS Metals Network (SMM) yasungula inethiwekhi yayo, kanti nengxoxo yayo yesikhulumi yaphenduka ireferensi yamabhizinisi amaningi asekhaya abhekane namanani entengo ye-zinc. Njengamanje, izingcaphuno ezinkulu emakethe yamabala asekhaya zifaka izingcaphuno ezivela ku-Nan Chu Business Network kanye ne-Shanghai Metal Network, kepha izingcaphuno ezivela kumapulatifomu we-inthanethi ikakhulukazi zibhekisela kumanani e-LME.

Okokuqala, inani eliphelele lezinsizakusebenza ze-Zinc eChina lima lokwesibili emhlabeni, kepha ikhwalithi ejwayelekile iphansi futhi kukhishwa izinsiza kunzima.

I-China inezindawo eziningi zokugcina izinsiza ze-zinc ore, ezikhundleni zesibili emhlabeni ngemuva kwe-Australia. Izinsizakusebenza ze-Zinc Ore ezifuywayo zigxile kakhulu ezindaweni ezinjengeYunnan (24%), i-Interner Mongolia (20%), i-Gansu (11%), ne-XIMCIAG (8%). Kodwa-ke, ibanga le-Zinc Ore Deposits eChina ngokuvamile liphansi, linezimayini eziningi ezincane nezimayini ezinkulu ezimbalwa, kanye nezimayini eziningi ezinciphile nezicebile. Ukukhishwa kwezinsiza kunezindleko ezinzima nezokuhamba ziphezulu.

Okwesibili, ukukhiqizwa kwe-zinc ore yaseChina kuqala emhlabeni, futhi ithonya labakhiqizi abaphezulu basekhaya liyanda.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Zinc's yaseChina kuhlale kukhulu emhlabeni wonke ngeminyaka eminingi elandelanayo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ezinjengezimboni eziphakathi, ezikhuphukayo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-Downstream, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwempahla, iChina iye yakha iqembu lamabhizinisi omhlaba anethonya eliphakeme le-zinc ore. I-Zijin Mining ibhizinisi lokukhiqiza eligxile kakhulu kwi-Zinc eChina, elinezikhundla ze-Zinc Ore Production Scale phakathi kwaphezulu ezinhlanu emhlabeni jikelele. Ngo-2022, ukukhiqizwa kweZinc kwakungamathani angama-40,000, afaka ama-9.6% okukhiqizwa kwasekhaya okuphelele. Izinsizakusebenza zeMinmetals zibeka eSithupha Emhlabeni jikelele, ngokukhiqizwa kwe-zinc kwamathani angama-225000 ngonyaka we-2022, kubangelwa yi-5.3% yokukhiqizwa kwasekhaya okuphelele. UZhongjin Lingnan ubeka isishiyagalolunye emhlabeni jikelele, ngokukhiqizwa kwe-zinc kwamathani angama-193000 ngonyaka we-2022, okubalwa ngo-4,6% wokukhiqizwa kwasekhaya okuphelele. Abanye abakhiqizi bakaZinc abakhulu bafaka i-chihong zinc gerranium, iZinc Indzisi Co, Ltd., I-Baiyin Anferrous Metals, njll.

Okwesithathu, iChina ngumthengi omkhulu we-zinc, ngokusetshenziswa okugxilwe emkhakheni wengqalasizinda yezezakhiwo nezezakhiwo ezaphansi.

Ngo-2021, ukusetshenziswa kwe-zinc yaseChina kwakungamathani ayizigidi eziyi-6.76, okwenza kwaba ngumthengi omkhulu we-zinc. I-zinc platiating i-akhawulela ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yokusetshenziswa kwe-zinc eChina, ibala cishe ama-60% okusetshenziswa kwe-zinc; Okulandelayo kungukufa kwe-zinc alloy ne-zinc oxide, accounting ngo-15% no-12% ngokulandelana. Izindawo eziphambili zesicelo se-galvaning ziyingqalasizinda kanye nezezakhiwo. Ngenxa yokuthola inzuzo ngokuphelele eChina ku-zinc ukusetshenziswa, ukuchuma kwengqalasizinda kanye nemikhakha yezezakhiwo kuzoba nomthelela omkhulu ekuhlinzekeni komhlaba wonke, okufunwa kanye nentengo ye-zinc.

Ukuncika kwangaphandle kweChina ku-zinc kuphakeme kakhulu futhi kukhombisa umkhuba ophakeme ophakeme, nemithombo eyinhloko yokungenisa yaba i-Australia nePeru. Kusukela ngo-2016, ivolumu yokungenisa yeZinc Gxila eChina ibilokhu iqala unyaka nonyaka, futhi manje sekuyinto enkulu kunazo zonke ezweni laseZinc Ore. Ngo-2020, ukuncika kwesengelo kweZinc Gentratence kudlule ama-40%. Ukusuka ezweni ngumbono wezwe, izwe elithekelisa kakhulu kwama-zinc gxila eChina ngo-2021 kwakungu-Australia, amathani omzimba ayizigidi eziyi-1,07 unyaka wonke we-zinc gxila; Okwesibili, iPeru ethule amathani omzimba angama-780000 eChina, afaka ama-21.6% wokungenisa okuphelele kwe-Zinc Gxila. Ukuncika okuphezulu kokungeniswa okuphezulu kokungenisa okungenisa izifunda zokungenisa kanye nokuqoqwa kwezindawo zokungenisa kusho ukuthi ukuqina kwama-zinc acwebile kungathintwa ukuhanjiswa kanye nokuhamba okuphelele, okubuye kube ngenye yezizathu zokuthi kungani iChina isesimweni sokuhweba kwamanye amazwe kanye ingangeza kuphela amanani entengo yemakethe yomhlaba.

Lo mbhalo ekuqaleni wawushicilelwe ohlelweni lokuqala lweChina Milling nsuku zonke ngoMeyi 15th