Uyini umehluko phakathi kwegrafu nokuhola ngoJulayi?

Umehluko osemqoka phakathi kwegrafu nokuhola yilokho i-graphite yi-nontoxic futhi ezinzile kakhulu, kanti kuholele ku-anobuthi futhi kungazinzile.

Uyini i-graphite?

I-Graphite yi-allotrope yekhabhoni enesakhiwo esizinzile, i-crystalline. Kuyindlela yamalahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungamaminerali endabuko. Amaminerali endabuko ayizinto eziqukethe into yamakhemikhali eyodwa eyenzeka emvelweni ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa nanoma iyiphi enye into. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Graphite iyindlela ezinzile kakhulu zekhabhoni ezenzeka ekushiseni okujwayelekile nasekucindezelweni. Iyunithi eliphindaphindayo le-arotrope ye-graphite yi-carbon (c). I-Graphite inohlelo lwe-hexagonal crystal. Kubonakala ku-iron-black kumbala wensimbi-grey futhi ine-luster yensimbi. Umbala we-graphite we-graphite umnyama (umbala weminerali eyimpuphu).

Isakhiwo se-graphite crystal sinethayela lezinyosi. Inamaphepha e-graphene ahlukaniswe ibanga elingu-0.335 nm. Kulesi sakhiwo segrafu, ibanga phakathi kwama-athomu e-carbon ngu-0,142 nm. Lawa ma-athomu ama-carbon ahlanganisana ngezibopho ezibukekayo, i-athomu elilodwa lekhabhoni elinezibopho ezintathu ezibunjiwe ezizungeze. Ubuqili be-athomu yekhabhoni ngu-4; Ngakho-ke, kukhona i-elektroni engavuthiwe yesine e-athomu yekhabhoni ngayinye yalesi sakhiwo. Ngakho-ke, le eclertron imahhala ukufuduka, okwenza i-braphict ngogesi izokuphatha. I-Graphite yemvelo ilusizo kwi-Refreccound, amabhethri, ukwenziwa kwensimbi, i-graphite enwetshiwe, ama-brake anwebing, izithako zokuthamba, kanye namafutha atholakalayo.

Kuyini ukuhola?

Ukuhola kuyinto yamakhemikhali enenombolo ye-athomu engu-82 nophawu lwamakhemikhali PB. Kwenzeka njengento yamakhemikhali yensimbi. Le nsimbi iyinsimbi esindayo futhi iyinqwaba kunezinto eziningi ezivamile esizaziyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhola kungenzeka njengensimbi ethambile nengenamkhawulo enendawo ephansi ephansi. Singasika le nsimbi kalula, futhi inesimo esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nokubukeka kwensimbi ye-silvery grey. Okubaluleke kakhulu, le metal inenombolo ephakeme kunazo zonke ye-athomu yanoma iyiphi into ezinzile.

Lapho ucubungula izakhiwo eziningi zokuhola, unobuningi obuphezulu, imali ephakeme, yokuphumula, kanye nokumelana okuphezulu kokugqwala ngenxa yokuphumelela. I-Lead inesakhiwo se-cubic esiseduze esigcwele ubuso be-athomu kanye nesisindo esiphakeme se-athomu, esiphumela ekunciphiseni okukhulu kunobuningi bezinsimbi ezivame kakhulu njengensimbi, ithusi kanye ne-zinc. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsimbi eziningi, ukuhola kunendawo ephansi kakhulu yokuncibilika, futhi iphuzu layo elibilayo futhi eliphansi kakhulu phakathi kwezinto eziyi-14.

Ukuhola kuvame ukwakha ungqimba oluvikelayo lapho kuchayeka emoyeni. Isimo esivame kakhulu salolu haller sihola (ii) Carbonate. Kungaba nezingxenye ze-sulfate ne-chloride yokuhola. Le nhlangano yenza indawo yokuhola yensimbi inerert inerert yomoya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igesi ye-fluorine ingasabela ngokuhola emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni ukuze iholele ukuhola (ii) i-fluoride. Kukhona ukusabela okufanayo ngegesi ye-chlorine futhi, kepha kudinga ukufudumala. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, i-lead yensimbi imelana ne-sulfuric acid ne-phosphoric acid kepha iphendula nge-HCL neHno3 acid. Ama-organic acid afana ne-acetic acid angancibilikisa ukuhola phambi komoya-mpilo. Ngokufanayo, ama-alkali acid ahlanganisiwe angancibilikisa ukuhola ukuze athole ama-plumbites.

Njengoba ukuhola kuvinjelwe e-USA ngo-1978 njengesithako ngopende ngenxa yemiphumela yobuthi, akuzange kusetshenziselwe ukukhiqizwa kwepensela. Kodwa-ke, kwakuyinto eyinhloko esetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwepensela ngaphambi kwalesosikhathi. Ukuhola kwaqashelwa njengento enobuthi impela kubantu. Ngakho-ke, abantu basesha ngezinto zokufaka esikhundleni sokufaka esikhundleni sokuhola ngenye into ukukhiqiza amapensela.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwegrafu nokuhola?

I-Graphite ne-Lead yizakhi ezibalulekile zamakhemikhali ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo eziwusizo kanye nezicelo. Umehluko osemqoka phakathi kwegrafu nokuhola yilokho i-graphite yi-nontoxic futhi ezinzile kakhulu, kanti kuholele ku-anobuthi futhi kungazinzile.

I-Lead iyi-Metal ye-Post-Transition ye-Asreactivective. Sikwazi ukufanekisa umlingiswa wensimbi obuthakathaka wokuhola usebenzisa imvelo yaso ye-amphoteric. Isib ukuhola kanye nokuhola oxides usabela ngama-acid kanye nezisekelo futhi zivame ukwakha izibopho ezingenhla. Amakhompiyutha okuhola avame ukuba ne- +2 oxidation state of lead esikhundleni se- +4 oxidation State (+4 i-oxidation ejwayelekile kakhulu yezakhi zeqembu 14 zamakhemikhali).