Uyini Umehluko Phakathi Kwe-Graphite Ne-Lead July?

Umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwegraphite nomthofu ukuthi i-graphite ayinabo ubuthi futhi izinzile, kuyilapho umthofu unobuthi futhi awuzinzile.

Yini i-Graphite?

I-graphite iyi-allotrope ye-carbon enesakhiwo esizinzile, esicwebezelayo.Kuwuhlobo lwamalahle.Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyi-mineral yendabuko.Amaminerali omdabu yizinto eziqukethe isakhi samakhemikhali esisodwa esenzeka emvelweni ngaphandle kokuhlangana nanoma iyiphi enye into.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-graphite iwuhlobo oluzinzile lwekhabhoni eyenzeka ezingeni lokushisa elijwayelekile nokucindezela.Iyunithi ephindayo ye-graphite allotrope yikhabhoni (C).I-graphite ine-hexagonal crystal system.Ivela ngombala we-iron-black kuya ku-steel-grey futhi iphinde ibe nokucwebezela kwe-metallic.Umbala we-streak we-graphite umnyama (umbala we-mineral powdered powder).

Isakhiwo sekristalu ye-graphite sine-lattice yezinyosi.Inamashidi e-graphene ahlukaniswe ngebanga elingu-0.335 nm.Kulesi sakhiwo se-graphite, ibanga phakathi kwama-athomu e-carbon ngu-0.142 nm.Lawa ma-athomu ekhabhoni abophana ngamabhondi ahlangene, i-athomu yekhabhoni eyodwa enamabhondi amathathu ahlangene ayizungezile.I-valency ye-athomu ye-carbon ingu-4;ngakho-ke, kukhona i-electron yesine engenalutho ku-athomu ye-carbon ngayinye yalesi sakhiwo.Ngakho-ke, le electron ikhululekile ukufuduka, okwenza i-graphite isebenze ngogesi.I-graphite yemvelo iwusizo ezimbonini zokukhiqiza, amabhethri, ukwenza insimbi, i-graphite enwetshiwe, ama-brake linings, ama-foundry facings, nezinto zokugcoba.

Yini iLead?

Umthofu uyikhemikhali enenombolo ye-athomu engu-82 kanye nophawu lwamakhemikhali u-Pb.Kwenzeka njenge-metallic chemical element.Le nsimbi iyinsimbi esindayo futhi iminyene kuneningi lezinto ezijwayelekile esizaziyo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthofu ungenzeka njengensimbi ethambile futhi ethambile enephuzu elincibilikayo eliphansi.Le nsimbi singayisika kalula, futhi inophawu oluluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka oluhambisana nokubukeka kwensimbi empunga.Okubaluleke nakakhulu, le nsimbi inenombolo ephezulu ye-athomu yanoma iyiphi into ezinzile.

Uma ucubungula izakhiwo zobuningi bomthofu, unokuminyana okuphezulu, ukuguquguquka, i-ductility, nokumelana okuphezulu nokugqwala ngenxa yokunganyakazi.Umthofu unesakhiwo se-cubic esimaphakathi esigxile ebusweni kanye nesisindo se-athomu esiphezulu, esiphumela ekuminyaneni okukhulu kunobuningi bezinsimbi ezivame kakhulu njengensimbi, ithusi, ne-zinc.Uma uqhathaniswa nezinsimbi eziningi, umthofu unephuzu elincibilikayo eliphansi kakhulu, futhi indawo yawo yokubila nayo iphansi kakhulu phakathi kwezakhi zeqembu le-14.

Umthofu ujwayele ukwakha ungqimba oluvikelayo lapho uchayeka emoyeni.Ingxenye evame kakhulu yalolu ungqimba i-lead(II) carbonate.Kungase futhi kube nezingxenye ze-sulfate ne-chloride zomthofu.Lolu ungqimba lwenza ingaphezulu lensimbi eholayo lingene emoyeni ngamakhemikhali.Ngaphezu kwalokho, igesi ye-fluorine ingasabela ngomthofu ekamelweni lokushisa ukuze yakhe i-lead(II) fluoride.Kukhona ukusabela okufanayo ngegesi ye-chlorine futhi, kodwa kudinga ukushisa.Ngaphandle kwalokho, insimbi eholayo imelana ne-sulfuric acid ne-phosphoric acid kodwa isabela nge-HCl ne-HNO3 acid.Ama-organic acid afana ne-acetic acid angancibilikisa umthofu lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo.Ngokufanayo, ama-alkali acid agxilile angancibilika enze amapayipi amanzi.

Njengoba umthofu wavalwa ngokusemthethweni e-USA ngo-1978 njengesithako kupende ngenxa yemiphumela yobuthi, awuzange usetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza ipensela.Nokho, kwakuyinto eyinhloko eyayisetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwamapensela ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi.Umthofu wawubhekwa njengento enobuthi kakhulu kubantu.Ngakho-ke, abantu babefuna izinto zokwakha esikhundleni somthofu bafake okunye ukuze benze amapensela.

Uyini Umehluko Phakathi KweGraphite Nomthofu?

I-graphite ne-lead yizakhi zamakhemikhali ezibalulekile ngenxa yezakhiwo eziwusizo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo.Umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwegraphite nomthofu ukuthi i-graphite ayinabo ubuthi futhi izinzile, kuyilapho umthofu unobuthi futhi awuzinzile.

Umthofu uyinsimbi engasasebenzi yangemva kwenguquko.Singafanekisa uhlamvu lwensimbi olubuthakathaka lomthofu sisebenzisa imvelo yawo ye-amphoteric.Isb. i-lead ne-lead oxides ihlangana nama-asidi nezisekelo futhi ijwayele ukwakha izibopho ezihlangene.Izithako zomthofu zivame ukuba nesimo se-oxidation esingu-+2 somthofu kunesimo se-oxidation esingu-+4 (+4 i-oxidation evame kakhulu yezakhi zamakhemikhali zeqembu le-14).